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Economic Community of West African States

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS; French: Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, CEDEAO) is a regional group of fifteen West African countries. Founded on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos, its mission is to promote economic integration across the region.
Considered one of the pillars of the African Economic Community, the organization was founded in order to achieve "collective self-sufficiency" for its member states by creating a single large trading bloc through an economic and trading union. It also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region.[4] The organization operates officially in three co-equal languages—French, English, and Portuguese.
The ECOWAS consists of two institutions to implement policies—the ECOWAS Commission and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development, formerly known as the Fund for Cooperation until it was renamed in 2001.
A few members of the organization have come and gone over the years. In 1976 Cape Verde joined ECOWAS, and in December 2000 Mauritania withdrew, having announced its intention to do so in December 1999. (This article is also on Wikipedia)

Current members

 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cape Verde
 Gambia
 Ghana
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Ivory Coast
 Liberia
 Mali
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Togo

Structure

President of the Commission, current and former

African Union
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From 1977 to 2006 the post name was Executive Secretary
From the restructuring

Chairmen

Regional security cooperation

See also: Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group
The ECOWAS nation assigned a non-aggression protocol in 1990 along with two earlier agreements in 1978 and 1981. They also signed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 29 May 1981, that provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community.[5]

The Community Court of Justice

The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice was created by a protocol signed in 1991 and was later included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community in 1993.[6] However, the Court didn’t officially begin operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on 5 November 1996. The jurisdiction of the court is outlined in Article 9 and Article 76 of the Revised Treaty and allows rulings on disputes between states over interpretations of the Revised Treaty. It also provides the ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues (Article 10). Like its companion courts the European Court of Human Rights and the East African Court of Justice, it has jurisdiction to rule on fundamental human rights breaches.[6]

Sporting and cultural exchange

ECOWAS nations organize a broad array of cultural and sports event under the auspices of the body, including the CEDEAO Cup in football, the 2012 ECOWAS Games and the Miss CEDEAO beauty pageant.[7]

Economic integration

West African Economic and Monetary Union

See also: CFA franc and Economic and monetary union
  UEMOA
  WAMZ
  ECOWAS only (Cape Verde)
The West African Economic and Monetary Union (also known as UEMOA from its name in French, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) is an organization of eight West African states. It was established to promote economic integration among countries that share the CFA franc as a common currency. UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at Dakar, Senegal, on 10 January 1994, by the heads of state and governments of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo. On 2 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau, a former Portuguese colony, became the organization’s eighth (and only non-Francophone) member state.
UEMOA is a customs union and currency union between the members of ECOWAS. Its objectives include the following:[8]
  • Greater economic competitiveness, through open markets, in addition to the rationalization and harmonization of the legal environment
  • The convergence of macro-economic policies and indicators
  • The creation of a common market
  • The coordination of sectoral policies
  • The harmonization of fiscal policies
Among its achievements, the UEMOA has successfully implemented macro-economic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism. It has adopted a customs union and common external tariff and has combined indirect taxation regulations, in addition to initiating regional structural and sectoral policies. A September 2002 IMF survey cited the UEMOA as "the furthest along the path toward integration" of all the regional groupings in Africa.[9]
ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common plan of action on trade liberalization and macroeconomic policy convergence. The organizations have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade, and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA’s customs declaration forms and compensation mechanisms.[10]

Membership

West African Monetary Zone

See also: Eco (currency)
Formed in 2000, the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) is a group of six countries within ECOWAS that plan to introduce a common currency, the Eco, by the year 2015. All the members of the group are English-speaking countries, apart from Guinea, which is Francophone. Along with Mauritania, Guinea opted out of the CFA franc currency shared by all other former French colonies in West and Central Africa.
The WAMZ attempts to establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc, whose exchange rate is tied to that of the Euro and is guaranteed by the French Treasury. The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and Eco to merge, giving all of West and Central Africa a single, stable currency. The launch of the new currency is being developed by the West African Monetary Institute based in Accra, Ghana.
Economic Community of West African States
  • Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest  (French)
  • Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental  (Portuguese)

Headquarters Nigeria Abuja, Nigeria
9°2′N 7°31′E
Official languages
Membership
Leaders
 -  Chairman Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara
 -  President of the Commission Burkina Faso Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo
 -  Speaker of the Parliament Nigeria Ike Ekweremadu
Establishment
 -  Treaty of Lagos 28 May 1975[1] 
Area
 -  Total 5,112,903 km2 (7th)
1,974,103 sq mi 
Population
 -  2011 estimate 300,000,000 (4th)
 -  Density 49.2/km2
127.5/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate
 -  Total US$ 703,279 billion[2] (23rd)
 -  Per capita US$ 2,500[3]
Currency
Time zone (UTC+0 to +1)
Website
http://www.ecowas.int/
a. If considered as a single entity.
b. To be replaced by the eco in 2015.
c. Liberia and Sierra Leone have expressed an interest in joining the eco.

Membership

Transport

Main article: ECOWAS rail
A Trans-ECOWAS project, established in 2007, plans to upgrade railways in this zone, led by Ghana.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ African Union
  2. ^ IMF GDP data, September 2011
  3. ^ IMF GDP data, September 2011
  4. ^ Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). "West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia". Jane's Defence Weekly.
  5. ^ "Profile: Economic Community of West African States". Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  6. ^ a b ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS
  7. ^ "Miss ECOWAS 2010". The Economist. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  8. ^ [1] REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION IN WEST AFRICA A Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
  9. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
  10. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
  11. ^ "The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia". Africa Development Bank Group. 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  12. ^ "WAMZ gets US$ 7.8 million grant". Accra Daily Mail. 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  13. ^ 2007 Rail link ECOWAS countries

External links

Julia Tuttle: Mother of Miami, Florida

Source: Wikipedia
Julia DeForest Tuttle, (born Julia DeForest Sturtevant; January 22, 1849[1] – September 14, 1898) was an American businesswoman who was largely responsible for, and the original owner of, the land upon which Miami, Florida, was built. For this reason, she is called the "Mother of Miami."


Because Julia Tuttle influenced Henry Flagler to extend his railroad to Miami and planned its development, she is called the mother of the city of Miami. - photo from Florida Photographic Collection

History

Julia Sturtevant married Frederick Leonard Tuttle on January 22, 1867. They had two children: a daughter, Frances Emeline (b. 1868), and a son, Henry Athelbert (b. 1870). Julia Tuttle first visited the Biscayne Bay region of southern Florida in 1875 with her husband, visiting a 40 acre (0.16 Km2) orange grove her father had purchased. She loved the experience, but returned to Cleveland, Ohio with her family.

Moving to southern Florida

Tuttle came to Fort Dallas from Cleveland, Ohio, via steamship with her father, Ephean T. Sturtevant, in 1871. A little over ten years later in 1886, her husband died, leaving her the iron foundry he owned, which she continued to operate. In 1891, when her father died and left her his land in Florida, she sold the iron foundry business in Ohio and relocated to Biscayne Bay.
She used the money from the sale of the business to purchase the James Egan grant of 640 acres (2.6 km2), where the city of Miami is now located, on the north side of the river, including the old Fort Dallas stone buildings, which she converted into her home. In 1891, Tuttle brought her family to live there. Tuttle repaired and converted the home into one of the show places in the area with a sweeping view of the river and Biscayne Bay.
Tuttle immediately decided to take a leading role in the movement to start a new city on the Miami River, but knew that a decent transportation (in that time, a railroad) was necessary to attract development. Tuttle tried to induce Henry Flagler to extend his railroad to Fort Dallas (Miami), and offered to divide her large real estate holdings if he would do this. She wrote numerous letters to Flagler in this connection and finally made the trip to St. Augustine and in person repeated her offer. Her efforts were of no avail at that time; however, providence favored Tuttle. The great freeze on 1894-1895 devastated the old orange belt of central and northern Florida, destroying valuable groves and wiping out fortunes overnight.
Either Flagler then recalled Tuttle's story of the tropical Biscayne Bay County weather and sent some men to investigate, or Tuttle alerted Flagler that the freeze had spared the Miami River, sending as evidence a bouquet of flowers and foliage (possibly oranges) to Flagler, whose order to extend the Florida East Coast Railway was then given. On February 15, 1896 Joseph B. Reilly, John Sewell and E.G. Sewell, the vanguard of the Flagler forces, arrived, and the work of building the Royal Palm Hotel was commenced.
Julia Tuttle statue in Bayfront Park - Miami
Under an agreement between the two, Tuttle supplied Flagler with the land for a hotel and a railroad station for free, and they split the remainder of her 640 acres (2.6 km²) north of the Miami River in alternating sections. On April 22, 1896, train service of the Florida East Coast Railway came to the area. On July 28, male residents voted to incorporate a new city, Miami. Thereafter, the city steadily grew from a small town to a metropolis.

Death and legacy

In 1898, Tuttle fell ill with apparent meningitis. Plans were made to move her to Asheville, North Carolina, by rail for treatment, but her condition deteriorated before she could be transported. She died on September 14, 1898, at age 49. Her funeral took place at her Fort Dallas home, and she was buried in a place of honor at the City of Miami Cemetery.
She died leaving a large amount of debt, partly the result of her altruistic land grants to Flagler. Her children sold her remaining land to pay off the debt. For that reason, her name was mostly lost as a contributor to Miami's founding until it was placed on a causeway for Interstate 195 over Biscayne Bay. In contrast, the name of William Brickell, a large landowner on the south side of the Miami River who contributed to Tuttle's efforts to incorporate the city, was widely used on the south side of what became Miami.
Just as Tuttle is called the Mother of Miami, Flagler became known as the Father of Miami. Coincidentally, both Tuttle and Flagler had previously lived in Cleveland, where they first met.
In addition to the Julia Tuttle Causeway, the memory of Tuttle has been honored with a statue in Bayfront Park.[2]

References

  1. ^ Wright, E. Lynne (2001). More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Florida Women. Guilford, Conn.: TwoDot. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-56044-993-5.
  2. ^ Kelly House (27 July 2010). "Julia Tuttle statue arrives". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 28 July 2010.

Sources

Portal icon Miami portal
Portal icon Biography portal
  • Akin, Edward N.. The Cleveland Connection: Revelations from the John D. Rockefeller - Julia Tuttle Correspondences. In Tequesta: the Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, no. XLII (1982). [1]
  • Peters, Thelma. Biscayne Country, 1870-1926. Miami, Fla.: Banyan Books, c1981.
  • Tuttle family papers. Finding aid. [2]
  • Wiggins, Larry. The Birth of the City of Miami. In Tequesta: the Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, no. LV (1995). [3]

West Chester University's 1998 Yearbook

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